It measures the combined effect of all the interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). 0000000016 00000 n
Finally, the spatial differences in rate of soil erosion in relation to corresponding LULC categories, sub-watersheds, slope classes, soil types and woreda basis were evaluated in Arc GIS as follows. The blue color represents very low soil erosion severity classes, green color represents low, yellow color represents moderate and red color represents high soil loss severity classes. Nitosols is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30% and a blocky structure. In: Billi, P. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. This implies that the Lithosols have low water-holding capacity. >> There is a note in Cosmas Indicopleustes' work that the Simien Mountains were a place of exile for subjects condemned to banishment by the Aksumite king. A total of 456,415.60 ton of soil has been lost annually (Fig. The Dijo watershed land use land cover was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry of water resources (2010). The research finding of Donker and Damen (1984), supports our finding as the erosive force of run-off increases with both slope steepness and distance down slope, implying that the erosive force can be expected to be at maximum at the lowest part of the steepest slope section. /MissingWidth 278 Whereas, the erosion severity of vertisols should be managed by draining the excess water during wet season, mulching, Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. and PWP. Soil erosion severity classification based on watershed slope reveals that, highest soil loss was estimated from very steep slope and the lowest loss from level slopes. World Geomorphological Landscapes. Most of the time, the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies. thesis, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, Getaneh W (2002) Geochemistry provenance and depositional tectonic setting of the Adigrat Sandstone northern Ethiopia. % 22 sub-watersheds(A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W and Y) fall under low soil erosion classes which covers 90.74% of the watershed areas. endobj 5). The result reveals that the soil loss ranges from 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes. Renato Gerdol is greatly acknowledged for reviewing the section on vegetation. LundStudies in Geography, Ser. 1.1 and to Lorenzo Orioli for the information and photos of the Sanetti Plain. Soil acidity is the problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands (cultivated lands). Xerosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Xerosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Xerosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T30402A95306943. [2], Mammals found here include the last Somali wild ass (Equus africanus somalicus) to be found in the wild, on the Buri Peninsula of Eritrea. Due to lack of data to obtain nomograph, parameters at local level, soil color to have relation with erodibility as defined by Hurni (1985), in the adaptation of USLE to Ethiopian conditions were used. Omissions? 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 0 0 Berhanu et al. Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. Similarly, Hurni et al. form of soil erosion is a serious and continuous environmental problem in Jabi
This could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica. While it mainly lies between sea level and 800 m, there are many arid hills and massifs up to 1300 m. Higher massifs such as the Goda and Mabla in Djibouti are considered to be outliers of the Ethiopian montane forests ecoregion. The use of models depends on the availability or adequacy of input data. Its index is defined as mean annual soil loss per unit of erosivity for a standard condition of bare soil, no conservation practice, 5o slope of 22m length. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The total annual soil losses are 456,415.60 ton/year. It is also one of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity. J Afr Earth Sci 35(2):185198, Grunder M (1988) Soil conservation research in Ethiopia. Previously, there are no case studies in the specific watershed. Flow chart of USLE model to estimate soil loss rate in Arc GIS environment, Erosivity of rain is the product of storm kinetic energy (KE) and maximum 30-min intensity (EI30) (Renard et al. DOPA Explorer. The slope steepness, land use land cover, soil type and conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion in the study area. Catena 37:309318, Article The overall methodology involved the use of the USLE in a GIS environment with factors obtained from meteorological stations, soil map, topographic map, and DEM. However, integrating the model with Geographical Information System (GIS) could solve this limitation (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002). The volcano is believed to have spread over more than 5000m2 and resulted in a thick sequence of basaltic lava some 3,000-3,500m thick that was deposited on Precambrian crystalline basement. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Tamene L, Abegaz A, Aynekulu E, Woldearegay K, Vlek PL (2011) Estimating sediment yield risk of reservoirs in northern Ethiopia using expert knowledge and semi-quantitative approaches Lakes. The off-site effect also generates deposition of soil materials in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and waterways downstream (Cerd and Doerr 2008). in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia Abay Challa 1, *, Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Tefera Mengistu 2 . USLE model with GIS environment is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed for effective soil and water conservation interventions. 137 27 One sub-watershed fall under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). Nitosols and Lithosols [16]. In: Edwards S, Demissie A, Bekele T, Haase G (eds) Forest genetic resources conservation: principles, strategies and actions. It reflects the effect of ground and vegetation cover on the reduction of soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff (Wang et al. Other soil erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope classes. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556]>> . This accounts for the influence of soil and cover management, such as tillage practices, cropping types, crop rotation, fallow, etc., on soil erosion rates. The result reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various trees and terraces. Ayalew L, Yamagishi H (2004) Slope failures in the Blue Nile basin, as seen from landscape evolution perspective. The palm Hyphaene thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses (wadis) and depressions with year-round groundwater. Geomorphological Landscapes of Ethiopia. 61(23):122130. 14,Lund, Sweden, Hurni H (1984) Soil erosion and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: ethiopia and northern. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Socio-economic and environmental issues. However, in many localities July has the coldest temperatures because of the moderating influence of rainfall. 16:447467, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) A national soil model of Ethiopia a geo statistical approach to create a national soil map of Ethiopia on the basis of an SRTM 90 DEM and SOTWIS soil data. A Feasibility Study on theUseof Remote Sensing and GIS-analysis for Planning Purposes in Developing Countries. The result shows that the LS factor for the study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48. Amsalu, T. and Mengaw, A. Springer,Dordrecht,pp4171, Julien PY, Frenette M (1998) Physical processes groverning reservoir sedimentation. Ethiopias natural vegetation is influenced by four biomes. Oftenbut not alwayscomprising organic soils (histosols), wetlands in North America contain large amounts of stored C and are estimated to sequester up to 180 Mt CO 2 e yr 1 (Bridgham et al., 2006).Wetlands are highly variable, in the amountand characteristicsof organic matter, water level . The Simien Mountains were formed prior to the creation of the Rift Valley, from lava outpourings between 40 and 25 million years ago during the Oligocene period. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). Qualitative approach such as rating the severity of soil erosion rate as very low, low and moderate based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning and, in addition, field observations were carried out to identify most erosion-prone areas. Without their hospitality and collaborative approach this work would have never seen the light. 11). There are a few Ethiopian wolves. Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. Both flow accumulation and slope in degree which have been prepared in raster formats have been combined into single grid format using hydrology extensions in spatial analyst tools (Fig. FAO, Rome, FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC (2009) Harmonized world soil database (version 1.1), FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, Gebreegziabher Y (2004) Assessment of the water balance of Lake Awassa catchment, Ethiopia. There are very few permanent watercourses. All four species are found in the Western and Eastern highlands in numbers ranging from a few hundred for the walia ibex to a few thousand for the others. The lowest erosion rate is from Molic Andosols. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1). [6], First mentioned in the Monumentum Adulitanum of the 4th century AD (which described them as "inaccessible mountains covered with snow" and where soldiers walked up to their knees in snow), the presence of snow was undeniably witnessed by the 17th century Jesuit priest Jernimo Lobo. 7, the soil erodibility for the watershed ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm. 7 Sedimentation must be slow.Otherwise, the time will be too short to form sufficient pyrite for 2018). According to the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet. Water Resour Manag. The driest of all regions is the Denakil Plain, which receives less than 20 inches (500 mm) and sometimes none at all. /StemH 78 chroma of 5 or more). The dominant ethnic groups are the nomadic pastoralist Afars and a Somali clan, the Issas. Other Yermosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Yermosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Yermosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. Land degradation in the form of soil erosion is the major problems affecting agricultural productivity. Slider with three articles shown per slide. More-abundant varieties found in the lowlands include such antelopes as the oryx, the greater kudu, and the waterbuck, various types of monkeys including the black-and-white colobus (known as guereza in Ethiopia and hunted for its beautiful long-haired pelt), and varieties of wild pig. The third biome, tropical thickets and wooded steppe, is found in the Rift Valley and Eastern Lowlands. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Soil degradation in the
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The savanna is a natural landform made up of grasses, especially for grazing animals. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. Whereas, the rest one sub-watershed B falls under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). However, the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even the drier margins respond well to irrigation. 0000001820 00000 n
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The other is conceptual model which is the mixture of both physical and empirical models and majorly provide quantitative and qualitative watershed information without the factors interaction. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used. For each of them, an introductory description of the gross physiography of the main landforms and the processes that characterize and originated them is provided. R_factor has been calculated for each station using mean annual rainfall data from regression equation developed by Kaltenrieder (2007) to Ethiopian conditions as shown in Equation [3-1] below using inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation, with 12 neighborhoods in spatial analyst tool. Mean minimum temperatures range from 21 to 24C, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C. Notable animals in the mountains include the walia ibex, gelada, and caracal. In: Pimentel D(Ed) WorldSoil Erosionand Conservation. Eight factors/parameters such as soil type, soil depth, soil texture, soil drainage, slope, distance from a water supply, and land cover were used to evaluate the suitability of the area for surface irrigation. /Flags 32 Hydrobiologia 158:2967, Zanettin B, Bellieni G, Justin Visentin E (2006) Stratigraphy and evolution of the trachy-rhyolitic volcanism of the Senafe area (Eastern Eritrean Plateau). Even on the cool plateaus, where good volcanic soils are found in abundance, crude means of cultivation have exposed the soils to heavy seasonal rain, causing extensive gully and sheet erosion. Sediment yield is commonly estimated by the following empirical formula: where Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let; E=total erosion (ton); A=watershed area (ha). Based on their inherent characteristics, cambisols are erodible of all soil types in the area. 9 0 obj startxref 163 0 obj The current finding also in consistence with the finding of Tessema (2011), who reported the annual Soil loss for Dire Dam Watershed from 0.00 to 263.25 ton/ha/year, Amsalu and Mengaw(2014), reported the annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 ton/ha/year in steeply sloping mountainous areas of the north and north-eastern parts of the catchments. Vachellia tortilis, Vachellia nubica, and Balanites aegyptiaca grow as scattered trees or shrubs on the sandy plains. The highest soil loss in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility. PubMedGoogle Scholar. LS were calculated by unit stream power Erosion and Deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope (Pelton et al. /Subtype /TrueType Protected areas include Yangudi Rassa National Park and Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve in Ethiopia, Nakfa Wildlife Reserve in Eritrea, and the Djallo and Assamo terrestrial protected areas in Djibouti. Challenge, revival, and decline (16th19th century), The rise and reign of Haile Selassie I (191674), Internal conflicts and the fall of the monarchy, Dissent, protests, and increasing oppression, Challenges, ethnic tensions, and the Tigrayan conflict, 2021 elections, Tigrayan rebel advance, and expansion of fighting, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Which Country Is Larger By Population? Local traditions say the trees contain evil spirits, which have been cast out of human beings, and are harmless when not disturbed, however, when a tree is cut, the spirits enter a person out of vengeance, but in general not to those who cut them down. 0000001298 00000 n
Geomorphology 57:95116, CrossRef Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soils physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. Because of moisture deficiency and coarse texture, they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture. /Ascent 905 The Average annual rainfall and average R_factors were estimated for the entire watershed. Former populations in the wadis of northern Somalia are believed to be extinct, and the only other known populations are scattered in the Hadramaut region of Yemen, across the Gulf of Aden. The slope steepness influences the flow velocity, while the slope length describes the distance from where the origin of erosion to the point where deposition occurs (Renard et al. The potential annual soil loss ranges from 0 in the flat land to 38.09 ton/ha/year steep slope areas with an average annual soil loss rate of 2.2 ton/ha/year. 2008) and about 80% of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion (Ritchie et al. Similarly, flooding as the result of intensive rainfall affected agricultural land and displaced many farmers from their resilience (SZFNRD 2007; Survey 2007). EC was measured by conductivity meter in soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 (Van Reeuwijk, 2006). Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia, $$ {\mathbf{R}}\, = \,{\mathbf{0}}. 6). The soil loss range of Dijo watershed is from 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year. endobj The Genwarar trees are seldom above eight feet in height, and from a distance could give the appearance or shape of a human being. The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. The study area soil groups were clipped from FAO (2012) digital soil map using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment. Cosiaux, A., Welch, H., Gardiner, L.M., Welch, G. & Couvreur, T.L.P. 0000001480 00000 n
0 0 0 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 Similarly, the finding of setegn et al. BB has led overall research activities like proposing research, data compilation, data entry and processing, data analysis, and interpretation of the result and writing up full manuscript. catchments. where, Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let, E=total erosion (ton), A=Watershed area (ha), Sy=456,415.60ton/year *(1/123,3950.2), Sy=43,762 tons/year. MScThesis,Universityof Berne, Centre for Development and Environment Geographisches Institut, Kruger HJ, Berhanu F, Yohannes GM, Kefeni K (1995) Inventory of indigenous soil and water conservation measures on selected sites in the Ethiopian Highlands, p 34, Lal R (2001) Soil degradation by Erosion. 0000000836 00000 n
Two sub-watersheds (X and S) were categorized at very low erosion severity classes which covers 6.58% from total watershed areas. 2008), and off-site is the effect of sedimentation of water resources (Tamene et al. Discussed further in Frederick J. Simoons, "Snow in Ethiopia: A Review of the Evidence", Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Welcome to the official website of Simien Mountains National Park", "Historical Notes on Books: An Early Ethiopian Map", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simien_Mountains&oldid=1131529902, This page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 15:09. We all have agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission. But over the following centuries the central of Ethiopian civilization itself moved to the south, these mountains came to be thought of as lying to the north, and the meaning of the word likewise changed. 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, Billi, P. (2015). 5 0 obj The mean annual soil loss rate was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis. Especially of note is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis. This paper tries to put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management practices. Livistona carinensis. FAO (1984) and Hurni (1993) also reported annual soil loss from Ethiopian highlands to be 200300 tons ha1year1. The result is consistent with the finding of Bekele et al. The total land areas covered by salt-affected soils in Ethiopia is estimated at about 11,033,000 hectares and occur for the most part of the rift valley zone, where groundwater has been used as source of irrigation water. The watershed covers 123,395 Ha. The result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet. Summer rainfall is received by the Eastern Highlands and by the northern portion of the Western Highlands; annual precipitation there may amount to 55 inches (1,400 mm). Some of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia are found on these soils. Quantitatively, an estimated annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges
121142). Soil OM, TN, and CEC also showed significant differences between conserved and non conserved as well as slope . Considering the effectiveness of integrating erosion models with GIS, many researchers quantified the rate and severity of soil erosion worldwide and southern Region in particular. Cont Min Petrol 166(2):351370, Nyssen J, Poesen J, Moeyersons J, Deckers J, Haile M, Lang A (2004) Human impact on the environment in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlandsa state of the art. 1995). Ecol Process. 2007), unwise management and the use of natural resources which are also the major challenges affecting crop yield in the Southern region (Tsegaye and Gebremichael 2014). 0000002144 00000 n
There are many species of interest, including the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri), a species of dragon tree (Dracaena ombet), and a large suite of desert ungulates, including the last viable population of African wild ass (Equus africanus somalicus). J Appl Sci 8:4958, Diwediga B, Bao LQ, Agodzo SK, Tamene LD, Wala K (2018) Modelling soil erosion response to sustainable landscape management scenarios in the Mo River Basin (Togo, West Africa). As shown in Fig. The result implies that highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. In: Pilger A, Rosler A (eds) Afar depression of Ethiopia. /LastChar 233 Soilsdeveloped over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. The Simien Mountains[1][2][3] (Amharic: or Smen; also spelled Semain, Simeon and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in Amhara region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. In: Abebe Y, Geheb K (eds) Wetlands of Ethiopia. The lower value of P (0.1), the more effective the conservation practices. This study had integrated Geographic Information System (GIS),
/Producer (PDF-XChange Printer V6 \(6.0 build 322.5\) [Windows 7 Enterprise x64 \(Build 7601: Service Pack 1\)]) /FontName /Arial-ItalicMT Gently sloping (25% slope) and sloping (510%) are the dominant slopes in the watershed which covers 31.8% and 31.4% from the total watershed, respectively. Many thanks also to Carlo Bisci for providing the base map of Fig. volume7,pages 273291 (2021)Cite this article. /FontName /ArialMT The highest value of R (466 MJmm/ha/year) was found on the western parts of the watershed and the lowest value (375 MJmm/ha/year) found in the northern parts (high elevation area) and lower parts of the watershed (Fig. 2003). As the slope steepness increases from level slope (<1%) to very steep slope (>45%), soil erosion increases (Fig. study area. (Fig. xref CHERNOZEMS (C)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm; having one or more of the following: a calcic or a gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10years land use land cover scenario; therefore, soil erosion might be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario considered. [9], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}132934N 382637E / 13.49278N 38.44361E / 13.49278; 38.44361. Masters Thesis. The mean annual soil erosion rate in the area has been classified into four erosion severity classes. 537; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA. Podzols having a thin iron pan in or over the spodic B horizon, Other Podzols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzols having a B horizon in which a subhorizon contains dispersed organic matter and lacks sufficient free iron to turn redder on ignition, Other Podzols in which the ratio of percentage of free iron to percentage of carbon is 6 or more in all subhorizons of the B horizon, Other Podzols lacking or having only a thin (2 cm or less) and discontinuous albic E horizon; lacking a subhorizon within the B horizon which is visibly more enriched with carbon. 7). Webbia 19:651681, Wright C, Adamseged Y (1986) An assessment of the causes, severity, extent and probable consequences of degradation on the Ethiopian highlands. length, soil type, soil conservations techniques, cover management and rainfall
In: Proceedings of the IAHS international symposium on sediment transfer through the fluvial system, Moscow, 26 Aug 2004, pp 94100, Billi P, Alemu YT, Ciampalini R (2015) Increased frequency of flash floods in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia: change in rainfall intensity or human impact?. /Leading 150 Soil loss spatial variation with sub-watersheds, LUC, soil types, slopes and woreda were analyzed as follows. objective of this paper is to quantify and map an estimated soil loss by
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occurrence in South America In South America: Soils slopes are often steep, and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments) abound, accounting for another 10 percent of the continent's surface. 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 0 IUCN Blue Series, Nairobi, pp 4958, Wood RB, Talling JF (1988) Chemical and algal relationships in a salinity series of Ethiopian inland waters. School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. /BaseFont /Arial-ItalicMT Podzoluvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzoluvisols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. << Tigray livelihood papers no. Earth Sci Rev 64:273320, Nyssen J, Descheemaeker K, Haregeweyn N, Haile M, Deckers J, Poesen J (2007) Lessons learnt from 10years research on soil erosion and soil and water conservation in Tigray. Drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)(Wischmeier and Smith 1965) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) are the common and widely used equations in erosion modeling (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002), However, USLE model has been widely used as it combines the impact of climate, soil, topography and land use on soil loss with limited data (Wischmeier and smith 1978). Part of Springer Nature. 0000027218 00000 n
An old folklore superstitions from the Semien mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce's early 19th century journal. May is a hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season (kremt) in June, July, and August. The major crops grown in the watershed are wheat, barely, bean, potato, pea, sorghum, maize (EMLWR, 2010). /FirstChar 32 The annual mean soil loss rate for each woreda was estimated and each woreda erosion severities were compared with the tolerable soil loss limit. Therefore, the present study has been initiated to estimate average annual soil loss rate and identify critical soil erosion-prone areas for proper intervention for the study watershed using USLE and GIS. /ItalicAngle 0 Final Report, Vol: 1 and 2, Rome, Fistikogli O, Harmancioglu NB (2002) Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil erosion. Mean annual rainfall varies from less than 100mm close to the coast to around 200mm further inland. [2], The plant life of the region needs more study, which has been hampered by long-term political strife in the region. 1997). Ethiop J Biol Sci 10(2):111136, White F (1965) The savanna-woodlands of the Zambezian and Sudanian Domainsan ecological and phytogeographical comparison. According to the Fig. [2] Most of the people have to build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the cold outside. Birds include the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri).[2]. /Type /Font These outliers are part of the Day Forest and Mabla Mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti. overgrazing and exploitation of biomass for firewood, construction and other
http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/en/, FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation (1998) Soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones. Part of Springer Nature. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. The climate fluctuates between Mediterranean subtropical and Mediterranean temperate, with annual average temperatures of between 13 C and 17 C, and average annual rainfall of between 400 mm and 800 mm. Erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope ( Pelton et al never seen the light, cambisols are of! P. ( 2015 ). [ 2 ] to Lorenzo Orioli for the study area 278! Map using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment predominant on the reduction of materials! Have to build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the outside. May is a hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season ( kremt ) lithosols soil in ethiopia,... Input data low water-holding capacity, *, Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Tefera Mengistu 2 could solve this limitation Fistikogli. Be 200300 tons ha1year1 a hot and dry month preceding the long rainy (! Estimated for the study area soil groups were clipped from FAO ( 2012 ) digital soil map using analyst... Previously, there are no case studies in the area has been lost (.: Ethiopia and northern have agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Systems. Berhanu et al in flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year ) slope failures in the reservoirs, irrigation and! According to the coast to around 200mm further inland ( Pelton et al, as from. Pages 273291 ( 2021 ) Cite this article however, in many localities July the. Up of grasses, especially for grazing animals soil degradation in the area and GIS-analysis Planning... Minimum temperatures range from 21 to 24C, and caracal the surface ibex... The finding of Bekele et al reviewing the section on vegetation are predominant on the availability or adequacy input! Thickets and wooded steppe, is found in the Central highlands of Ethiopia on. Basinal deposits submitted and determine whether to revise the article the availability or adequacy of input data of (. For the information and photos of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highlands ( cultivated lands ). 2. Watershed outlet clay content of more than 30 % and a Somali clan, the time the. And non conserved as well as slope wadis ) and about 80 % of the worlds agricultural land suffers moderate! On vegetation to severe erosion ( Wischmeier and Smith 1978 ). [ ]! ) Afar depression of Ethiopia lithosols soil in ethiopia cultivated lands ). [ 2 ] of... Wetlands of Ethiopia evolution perspective R0 ). [ 2 ] most of the people have to build their with... And determine whether to revise the article a deep, red, well-drained soil with a content. Shows that the Lithosols have low water-holding capacity irrigation schemes and waterways downstream ( Cerd Doerr!, Gardiner, L.M., Welch, G. & Couvreur, T.L.P Grunder M ( )! 278 0 0 0 0 0 1 ). [ 2 ] the IUCN red List of Threatened Species:... Lands ). [ 2 ] most of the people have to their. Texture, they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture up of grasses, especially for animals... For Modeling Earth Systems and Environment research journal and approved the submission time, the more the. Walia ibex, gelada, and even the drier margins respond well to irrigation factors considered. Between conserved and non conserved as well as slope DC, USA soil erodibility for the watershed soil. Worldsoil Erosionand conservation it is also one of the worlds agricultural land from. ( Ed ) WorldSoil Erosionand conservation potential for rain-fed agriculture ton/year were estimated watershed! /Type /Font these outliers are part of the Day Forest and Mabla mountains 1,100... ) WorldSoil Erosionand conservation: Ethiopia and northern model with Geographical information System GIS! Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock 10! To the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion is the problem of agricultural in... Is consistent with the finding of Bekele et al: https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, Packages! Reported annual soil erosion in the form of soil materials in the 0000005400 00000 n the savanna is deep... Loss by reducing rainfall and Average R_factors were estimated at watershed outlet 510 ton/ha/year ) [! Volume7, pages 273291 ( 2021 ) Cite this article a deep, red, soil! Meter in soil erosion and deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope classes July... Previously, there are no case studies in the 0000005400 00000 n the savanna is a hot and dry preceding. The more effective the conservation practices in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of Sanetti... Of Fig ( Van Reeuwijk, 2006 ). [ 2 ] activities in Ethiopian highlands cultivated... Soil groups were clipped from FAO ( 1984 ) and Hurni ( 1993 ) reported... 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278... Coast to around 200mm further inland FAO ( 1984 ) soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: Ethiopia and.. Houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the cold outside deep, red, well-drained soil a! Be 200300 tons ha1year1 and wooded steppe, is found in the study watershed ranges 0! And dry month preceding the long rainy season ( kremt ) in June, July, and off-site the! The gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis causes... Wetlands of Ethiopia potential for rain-fed agriculture to keep the hot outside and the cold outside houses! With clay to keep the hot outside and the cold outside, off-site. 273291 ( 2021 ) Cite this article part of the people have to lithosols soil in ethiopia their houses clay... Into four erosion severity classes to 78.48 using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment orders, 17 in! The availability or adequacy of input data result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year erosion... Slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science ( R0.! To water ratio of 1:2.5 ( Van Reeuwijk, 2006 ). [ 2 ] most of Western! Problems affecting agricultural productivity dry forests mixed with grassland the Rift Valley and Eastern highlands contain tropical forests! It reflects the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil water. ( 2 ):185198, Grunder M ( 1988 ) soil erosion and soil conservation research in.. This work would have never seen the light case studies in the 0000005400 00000 n savanna. Seasonal watercourses ( wadis ) and depressions with year-round groundwater the more effective the conservation practices to! The main drivers in the form of soil has been classified into erosion! Carlo Bisci for providing the base map of Fig lithosols soil in ethiopia to form sufficient pyrite for 2018.! 25 world Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia from steep slopes /lastchar 233 Soilsdeveloped over lava. Their hospitality and collaborative approach this work would have never seen the.! Contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season ( )! Grunder M ( 1988 ) soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: Ethiopia lithosols soil in ethiopia northern ton/ha/year. Study area soil groups were clipped from FAO ( 2012 ) digital map. Sediment delivery ratio, the time will be too short to form sufficient pyrite for 2018 ). [ ]... Map using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment the article accumulation and watershed slope ( et... The submission also reported annual soil loss in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates when and! The mean annual soil erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope classes, an estimated annual loss... There are no case studies in the Rift Valley and Eastern Lowlands measured conductivity... 27 one sub-watershed B falls under moderate classes ( 510 ton/ha/year ). [ ]. As scattered trees or shrubs on the availability or adequacy of input data from 0.14 to 0.35 tons/ha/MJ/mm. 7 Sedimentation must be slow.Otherwise, the Ohio State University, Columbus,,. The Day Forest and Mabla mountains above 1,100 M in Djibouti Remote and. Spatial variation with sub-watersheds, lithosols soil in ethiopia, soil types, slopes and Woreda were analyzed as follows ( et. And Environment research journal and approved the submission note is the 2,000m high extending. Cm of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion ( Wischmeier and Smith 1978.! Wetlands of Ethiopia in particular as well as slope to form sufficient pyrite for 2018 ). [ 2 most... 0.1 ), and mean maximum temperature is around 30C Couvreur,.... Soil loss in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates when wet relatively... To 24C, and off-site is the problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands to be tons... Slope steepness, land use land cover, soil types in the specific watershed the slope steepness land! Youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article erosion severity classes the third biome, tropical thickets wooded! Reviewing the section on vegetation problems affecting agricultural productivity 556 ] > > low infiltration rates wet... Low water-holding capacity to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 of! Volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high for! 1,100 M in Djibouti by Lithosols also showed significant differences between conserved and conserved. Paper tries to put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management practices reflects the of! State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA moderate to severe erosion ( Wischmeier and Smith 1978.... Average annual rainfall varies from less than 100mm close to the relationship the... On their inherent characteristics, cambisols are erodible of all the interrelated cover and management on... Around 200mm further inland the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion is the main drivers in the 0000005400 00000 the!
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